IELTS 28-Day Planner: Day 19
This lesson will take you through 5 key aspects of describing a process:
- Rewriting the introduction
- Using Present Simple and Passives
- Using linking words
- Writing an overview
- Adding some Band 7 ‘magic’
To learn how to describe a cycle in IELTS Task 1, click here.
Look at a typical IELTS process below:
The diagram shows the stages involved in the process of making leather goods.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words
1. Rewrite the introduction
You have to re-write the introduction in your own words. If you use words that are already given in the Task, the examiner will NOT COUNT them in the overall 150 words, because these words are NOT YOUR OWN words, and they want you to use your own words.
- One way to do use your own words is to keep the basic sentence structure but use synonyms.
- Remember that it is impossible and unnatural to change every single word, so just change a few.
e.g. The diagram shows the stages involved in the process of making leather goods.
Re-write as: The images illustrate the steps involved in the production of leather goods.
This is a safe option, as it keeps the same sentence structure.
Watch out!
- Check where you put the ‘s’ when you use ‘the diagram showS‘ (3rd person ‘s‘) or ‘the imageS show’ (plural ‘s‘). This is a common mistake.
You could also use a more complex sentence structure: change the word order and use the verb in the Passive
e.g. The diagram illustrates how animal skins are processed in order to produce a range of leather items such as shoes, handbags and toys.
Using the Passive Tense gives you an instantly sophisticated, complex and academic option.
Here’s another example:
e.g. The illustration depicts the numerous steps involved in the treatment of animal skins before they are turned into leather products such as handbags and shoes.
Watch out!
- Remember that you should NOT use any opinion or any external/background facts.
2. Use the Passive Tense
The diagram gives you several of the verbs that you need to describe each stage e.g. drying, soaking, polishing, flattening.
Again, you have the problem of avoiding using these words exactly as they are in the text.
So using the Passive Tense gives you an easy solution.
Even better, when describing a process you only use the Present Simple Passive.
- The only thing you have to worry about is whether you need Singular or Plural. Both are possible here and both are correct.
e.g. The skins ARE dried OR The skin IS dried.
The skins ARE polished OR The leather IS polished.
Quick review of Passive Tense
Basic structure: Thing(s) + be + past participle
Leather + is + dried
Skins + are + dried
Past Participle – in Purple to help you remember! These can be regular (just add ‘-ed’ but watch out for spelling changes like dry-dried, stop-stopped)
The verb ‘to be’ – I put this in orange to help you remember that you need to CHANGE this verb depending on Number and Tense.
3. Use a variety of linking words
Now you’ve got a list of stages all written in the Passive Tense, you need to put them all together NICELY with a variety of linking words.
One problem many people have is that they just put the linking words at the start of the sentence. This can sound repetitive, and it is important not to OVERUSE linking words.
- Don’t choose a different linking word for the start of every sentence. Use some in the middle
e.g. the process by which leather is treated, the liquid in which the skins are soaked, the place where the skins are flattened.
Compare these two versions:
Version 1: simple, accurate but a little ‘mechanical’
The skin is dried. Then it is taken to a factory. In the factory it is washed in water and lime, then soaked in lime and flattened and submerged in tannin. After that it is polished and taken to another factory. In the factory it is turned into leather goods.
Version 2: More fluent and natural
In the initial stages of the process, the skin is dried before being taken to a factory where it undergoes two treatments. Firstly it is washed with water and lime, followed by a soak in lime and then flattened, after which it is submerged in tannin.
The last stage involves polishing the leather with a roller. The pieces are subsequently transported to a processing factory where they are made into a number of items in preparation for shipping.
4. Write an overview
This is the most essential part of ANY Task 1.
If you don’t write an overview, you are limited to a Band 5 for Task Achievement.
But what can you say that you haven’t already said?
Many people DO just repeat what they’ve already said e.g.
‘Overall, the diagram shows that many items can be made from leather.’
This is better than no overview, but it is too obvious, too vague and there is no analysis.
- You need to say something noticeable about the process.
Here are some examples:
Overall, the diagram shows that it is necessary for animal skins to undergo a number of treatments before they can be made into everyday household items. The process is still a complex and lengthy one despite being mostly done by machinery rather than by hand.
Overall, the diagram shows that, despite the fact that the process of treating animal skins so that they can be made into everyday household items is done mostly in factories with the help of machinery, it is still lengthy and complex, involving several stages.
5. Add the ‘Band 7+’ finishing touches
In 4 steps, you have completed all that needs to be done for a very good Task 1.
But what if you want to make it even better? Have a look at this final example – what kind of changes have been made to give it a little extra magic?
The diagram illustrates how animal skins are processed in order to produce a range of leather items such as shoes, handbags and toys.
In the initial stages of the process, the skin is air-dried before being loaded onto trucks and taken to a nearby factory where it undergoes two chemical treatments to clean and soften it. Firstly it is washed with a mixture of water and lime, and then it is soaked in concentrated/pure lime and pushed through a rolling machine in order to flatten it, after which it is submerged in a vat of tannin, which is a substance derived from vegetables.
The last stage involves polishing the leather with a roller to improve its appearance. The pieces are subsequently transported by road to a processing factory where they are made into a number of everyday products like footwear and sports items in preparation for shipping.
Overall, the diagram shows that, despite the fact that the process of treating animal skins is done mostly in factories with the help of machinery, it is still lengthy and complex, involving several stages.
You can:
- say WHY something is done (in order to.., so that…) (to soften the leather, to remove impurities)
- give extra details (transported by road, which is a substance, a mixture of)
- give more examples (like footwear and sports items)
- add adjectives (air-dried, everyday products, a nearby factory)
All of these will show the examiner how fluent and flexible you are in describing a process!
Yes, you only have 20 minutes to do all of this.
But if you have a clear strategy, and you’ve practiced using these strategies before the exam, with a variety of different types of processes, you will be equipped with all the skills and knowledge you need to write a really excellent Task 1 Process Description.
Find out how to describe another process (How energy is produced from coal) here.
How is a cycle different from a process? Click on the image to find out.
Get more Academic Writing Task 1 Tips here.
How to describe changes to a plan.
How to describe a prediction table.
How to use the Past Perfect in Task 1 dynamic charts.
Can I write in two paragraphs:
Paragraph 1: Introduction and overview
Paragraph 2: Describe the process
Yes absolutely! The Overview can go at the start with the introduction or at the end as a separate paragraph. Both options are fine. Thanks for your message.
I had a query about writing task. I repeat atleast one word like 6-7 times and always i see it after completing the entire task. Can you tell me how will it affect my score? and how can i improve this? also is it ok not to paraphrase the terms given in the process diagram, like can i copy the exact words from the process diagram?
Hi Aishwarya and many thanks for your question. 1. The ‘Lexical Resource score is based on RANGE (variety) and accuracy, so if you use the same word many times, this will lower your score. The only way to stop doing this is to build your vocabulary so that you have more range to choose from when you’re writing e.g instead of repeating ‘important’ you can say ‘siginificant’ or ‘essential’. 2. It is not always possible to paraphrase the terms in the process diagram, so it’s fine to copy the exact words in your writing. However, the examiner will look for instances of where you have used your own words e.g. ‘The diagram shows how plastic bottles are recycled’ = ‘The diagram shows how plastic bottles are processed so that they can be reused’. I hope that helps, Best wishes, Fiona.
Hi ms, in the 2nd paragraph, why we use the word “onto trucks” but not “into”.
Also, ‘ the “skin” is air-dried before being loaded onto the trucks”. “skin” is not plural?
Hi Han. Many thanks for your questions. You could say ‘into’ trucks too. Check out both examples on this fantastic website Ludwig.guru (click here – I did the search for you).
If you jump back up to Point Number 2, you can see that ‘skin’ can be uncountable, when you talk about it in build (like ‘chocolate’) or countable when you talk about it in individual pieces (like ‘chocolates’).
I hope that helps,
Best wishes
Fiona